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Part A In the article, “Evidence-Based Practice: Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Evidence,” the author asserts that all qualitative critical appraisals base their criteria on three primary questions: 1) Are the study findings valid? 2) What were the results of the study? and 3) Will the results help me in caring for my patients? Each of these three primary questions is addressed in its own table in the article, Tables 2, 3, and 4 respectively. In your initial post, select a sub-question from each table and use that sub-question as a foundation for the discussion. Choose and list a sub-question from Table 2. Sub-questions to Further Answer, Are the Study Findings Valid? and address these questions in relation to it. In appraising the validity of a qualitative study, how does the sub-question you chose help to determine the validity of the study? What would you look for in the study to answer the sub-question? Choose and list a sub-question from Table 3. Sub-questions to Further Answer, What Were the Results of the Study? and address these questions in relation to it. For appraising the quality of the results of a study, what does the sub-question you chose ask the appraiser to determine? How will answering this sub-question add value to the critical appraisal of a qualitative study? Choose and list a sub-question from Table 4. Sub-questions to Further Answer, Will the Results Help Me in Caring for My Patients? and address these questions in relation to it. In terms of caring for your patients, how will answering the sub-question you chose determine whether or not the results will help you do this? What other sub-question would be most beneficial to appraising the results of the qualitative study as they relate to patient care? Assinment Instructions Part B CRITICALLY APPRAISING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Introduction Evidence-based practice involves finding the best research evidence to support an intervention, which is integrated with patient preferences and values and professional expertise, and then implemented. Once you have searched and found relevant and timely research studies, the next step is to evaluate the quality of their methods, design, and other elements and to explore the application of the evidence they provide in different scenarios and settings. It is of paramount importance to correctly identify the type of research methods used in the study—quantitative or qualitative, or a mixture of both—and to evaluate the study to ensure those methods are high-quality, valid, reliable, and accurate. Consequently, doctoral professionals must develop a working knowledge of how to identify and critically appraise specific, important elements of both quantitative and qualitative research studies. Rapid critical appraisal tools assist in developing this skill. Preparation Review the PICO(T) process, and the important step of critically appraising research evidence. Review the following two quantitative and qualitative studies. You will describe the key elements of each study and complete a critical appraisal of each. Dorleijn, D. M. J., Luijsterburg, P. A. J., Reijman, M., Kloppenburg, M., Verhaar, J. A. N., Bindels, P. J. E., . . . Bierma-Zeinstra, S. (2018). Intramuscular glucocorticoid injection versus placebo injection in hip osteoarthritis: A 12-week blinded randomised controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 77(6), 875. Howson, A., Turell, W., & Roc, A. (2018). Perceived self-efficacy in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Qualitative outcomes in patient-directed education. Health Education Journal, 77(4), 430–443. Locate the following tools, found in Appendix B in your Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare textbook. You will use these tools to complete the appropriate rapid critical appraisal for each study. Choose the tool that matches the methods and design of each study. Rapid Critical Appraisal Questions for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), page 711. Rapid Critical Appraisal Questions for Qualitative Evidence, pages 715–716. Instructions Write a paper in which you: Describe the key elements of a research study. Complete a rapid critical appraisal of each study. Write an executive summary that compares the two studies. Document Format and Length Your document should be 4–5 pages in length, including the overviews, rapid critical appraisals, and executive summary. Supporting Evidence Include at least two resources, other than the course textbook, to support your critical appraisals. Provide in-text citations and references in APA format for each study, the critical appraisal tools, and other resources used. Assignment Grading The following requirements correspond to the scoring guide criteria, so be sure to address each point. Read the performance-level descriptions in the scoring guide for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed. Describe the key elements of a research study. Include the study’s purpose, methods, design, results, and any other aspects of the study you think are noteworthy. Consider how the study contributes to the scholarly literature. Evaluate the quality of each study, using the appropriate rapid critical appraisal tool (RCA). Create a table or other organized format for your answers to the questions on the RCA tool for each study. What evidence supports your assertions and conclusions? Compare a qualitative and quantitative study’s quality, significance, and the practical application of results (evidence) in a health care setting. Consider the following questions to guide the comparison of these studies in your executive summary: Which study provides the best overall evidence? What elements in the study led you to this conclusion? Which study provides subjective information that could be integrated to make positive changes to services, processes, systems, or patient care? What is the significance of each study’s results in a hospital setting? How do the results affect patients? How could the evidence found in each study be applied in different health care settings? In the overall health care industry? Support main points, assertions, arguments, or conclusions with relevant and credible evidence. Part C Levels of Evidence Note: Remember to adhere to the requirements for initial discussion postings and responses addressed in the Discussions section of the Course Policies and Expectations presentation. After completing this week’s readings and the Levels of Evidence Pyramid media presentation, you performed a search to find one scholarly, qualitative research study and one quantitative research study to support your discussion points. In your initial post, for the one qualitative study and the one quantitative study you found: Cite and briefly summarize each study, including its design, methods, and results. Use the Levels of Evidence Pyramid to identify the grade or level of evidence that each of your studies represent. Discuss how each study you found does or does not provide an example of evidence that may be applied in EBP to improve a health care challenge. In addition to the above, address the following question in your discussion: What other evidence might need to be integrated or synthesized, along with the research evidence found in either one of your studies, before the evidence can be implemented into practice to improve a health care challenge? Instructions Write a paper in which you apply the first four steps of the EBP process in relation to the health care challenge presented in the Vila Health: The Best Evidence for a Healthcare Challenge multimedia simulation and readings. Paper Format and Length A title page and references page. An abstract is not required. A running head on all pages. Appropriate section headings. Your paper should be 4–6 pages in length, not including the title page and references page. Assignment Grading The following requirements correspond to the scoring guide criteria, so be sure to address each point. Read the performance-level descriptions in the scoring guide for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed. Construct a PICO(T) question (step 1 in the EBP process). Summarize the PICO(T) components of the health care challenge presented in the following Vila Health scenario and qualitative research study, and write a PICO(T) question: Vila Health: The Best Evidence for a Health Care Challenge. Carlfjord, S., Öhrn, A., & Gunnarsson, A. (2018). Experiences from ten years of incident reporting in health care: A qualitative study among department managers and coordinators. BMC Health Services Research, 18, 1–9. Your PICO(T) question will be the basis of your search for additional research evidence. Implement a search strategy for the best evidence (step 2 in the EBP process). Search for one quantitative study that supports the Chief Nursing Officer’s suggested intervention or an alternative intervention. Base your search strategy on your PICO(T) question and on appropriate study methods and designs with the best evidence. Describe your search strategy, and explain how you determined it would lead to finding the best evidence for your PICO(T) question. What databases did you search? What search terms were most effective? What’s your rationale for concluding that you’ve found the best evidence? Identify and summarize the study you found for this purpose. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence in both the qualitative and quantitative research studies, in relation to the health care challenge (step 3 in the EBP process). Conduct a rapid critical appraisal of the study provided by the CNO and the quantitative study you found in your search. Consider the research design and methods in relation to the evidence presented when you choose an appropriate critical appraisal tool and complete the appraisal for each study. Interpret the evidence and its implications, in relation to the health care challenge (step 4 in the EBP process). Synthesize all of the evidence, including research evidence, organizational evidence/data, and staff perceptions. Explain why the quantitative study you found and (or) the CNO’s study contains the best evidence for your PICO(T) question. Recommend a strategy to implement the evidence-based intervention in your PICO(T) question (also part of step 4 in the EBP process). Support your recommended strategy with a synthesis of the evidence presented in the studies and (or) additional relevant and timely resources. Explain how health care professionals in multiple roles can apply the findings of the studies to improve practice. Reflect on how you and other health care professionals can improve practice, based on your interpretation of the implications of these studies. This part of your paper extends beyond the steps of the EBP process to address how interprofessional collaboration and communication can lead to improvements in health care. Synthesize multiple sources into key themes or findings. Part D Evidence-Based Leadership – 2 pages with reference page Describe interventions necessary to facilitate the behavioral change of staff and providers to create an evidence-based culture in an organization. Explain, based on the four leadership styles discussed in the textbook on pages 334–337, which style you think you might use to support evidence-based processes at your organization. Provide an example from your own role where you would have an opportunity to promote evidence-based decision-making.